Elements#

type quadrupole.elements.ElementLike = Element | str | int#: Union of all types that could be coerced into an Element. These afford programmatic access by calling Element(ElementLike).

class quadrupole.elements.ElementData(symbol: str, number: int, mass: float)#: Dataclass for storing element data.

class quadrupole.elements.Element(*values)#

Bases: ElementData, Enum

Enumeration of all elements on the periodic table. All element data here was taken from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) [1].

Notes

If you are going to use the Element enumeration in your own project be aware that, as it inherits from Enum, its members are singletons [2]. This means that performing comparisons between elements should be done using is and not ==. The comparison with == invokes the __eq__ method of the object which can take nearly twice as long as the identity comparison with is.

References

[1]

https://iupac.qmul.ac.uk/AtWt/

[2]

https://docs.python.org/3/howto/enum.html#enum-members-aka-instances

Examples

Directly accessing an element can be done by name or symbol. Programmatic access can be done by symbol (as str) or number (as int).

>>> Element.Hydrogen is Element.H is Element("H") is Element(1)
True 

Element access by string is case-insensitive:

>>> Element.Ruthenium is Element("Ru") is Element("ru") is Element("rU") is Element("RU")
True 

You can use dot access to get an element’s data:

>>> Element.Hydrogen
<Element.Hydrogen: symbol='H', number=1, mass=1.008>
>>> Element.Hydrogen.name
'Hydrogen'
>>> Element.Hydrogen.symbol
'H'
>>> Element.Hydrogen.number
1
>>> Element.Hydrogen.mass
1.008

A “zero” element is available as a placeholder:

>>> Element.Unknown is Element.Xx is Element("Xx") is Element(0)
True 
>>> Element.Xx.name
'Unknown'
>>> Element.Xx.symbol
'Xx'
>>> Element.Xx.number
0
>>> Element.Xx.mass
0.0

Printing an element directly calls its __str__() method, which returns the atomic symbol.

>>> str(hydrogen)
'H'
>>> print(hydrogen)
H 

Since the ElementData dataclass is marked as frozen, you can create unordered sets of elements:

>>> elem = [Element.H, Element.H, Element.C, Element.C, Element.N]
>>> elem_set = set(elem)
>>> len(elem_set)
3
>>> for e in elem_set:
...     print(e)
C 
H 
N 

You can also iterate through all of the elements in order of their atomic number:

>>> for elem in Element:
...     print(elem)
Xx 
H 
He 
Li 
Be 
B 
C 
...

Actinium = ElementData(symbol='Ac', number=89, mass=227.0)#

Aluminum = ElementData(symbol='Al', number=13, mass=26.9815384)#

Americium = ElementData(symbol='Am', number=95, mass=243.0)#

Antimony = ElementData(symbol='Sb', number=51, mass=121.76)#

Argon = ElementData(symbol='Ar', number=18, mass=39.95)#

Arsenic = ElementData(symbol='As', number=33, mass=74.921595)#

Astatine = ElementData(symbol='At', number=85, mass=210.0)#

Barium = ElementData(symbol='Ba', number=56, mass=137.327)#

Berkelium = ElementData(symbol='Bk', number=97, mass=247.0)#

Beryllium = ElementData(symbol='Be', number=4, mass=9.0121831)#

Bismuth = ElementData(symbol='Bi', number=83, mass=208.9804)#

Bohrium = ElementData(symbol='Bh', number=107, mass=270.0)#

Boron = ElementData(symbol='B', number=5, mass=10.81)#

Bromine = ElementData(symbol='Br', number=35, mass=79.904)#

Cadmium = ElementData(symbol='Cd', number=48, mass=112.414)#

Calcium = ElementData(symbol='Ca', number=20, mass=40.078)#

Californium = ElementData(symbol='Cf', number=98, mass=251.0)#

Carbon = ElementData(symbol='C', number=6, mass=12.011)#

Cerium = ElementData(symbol='Ce', number=58, mass=140.116)#

Cesium = ElementData(symbol='Cs', number=55, mass=132.90545196)#

Chlorine = ElementData(symbol='Cl', number=17, mass=35.45)#

Chromium = ElementData(symbol='Cr', number=24, mass=51.9961)#

Cobalt = ElementData(symbol='Co', number=27, mass=58.933194)#

Copernicium = ElementData(symbol='Cn', number=112, mass=285.0)#

Copper = ElementData(symbol='Cu', number=29, mass=63.546)#

Curium = ElementData(symbol='Cm', number=96, mass=247.0)#

Darmstadtium = ElementData(symbol='Ds', number=110, mass=281.0)#

Dubnium = ElementData(symbol='Db', number=105, mass=270.0)#

Dysprosium = ElementData(symbol='Dy', number=66, mass=162.5)#

Einsteinium = ElementData(symbol='Es', number=99, mass=252.0)#

Erbium = ElementData(symbol='Er', number=68, mass=167.259)#

Europium = ElementData(symbol='Eu', number=63, mass=151.964)#

Fermium = ElementData(symbol='Fm', number=100, mass=257.0)#

Flerovium = ElementData(symbol='Fl', number=114, mass=289.0)#

Fluorine = ElementData(symbol='F', number=9, mass=18.998403162)#

Francium = ElementData(symbol='Fr', number=87, mass=223.0)#

Gadolinium = ElementData(symbol='Gd', number=64, mass=157.249)#

Gallium = ElementData(symbol='Ga', number=31, mass=69.723)#

Germanium = ElementData(symbol='Ge', number=32, mass=72.63)#

Gold = ElementData(symbol='Au', number=79, mass=196.96657)#

Hafnium = ElementData(symbol='Hf', number=72, mass=178.486)#

Hassium = ElementData(symbol='Hs', number=108, mass=270.0)#

Helium = ElementData(symbol='He', number=2, mass=4.002602)#

Holmium = ElementData(symbol='Ho', number=67, mass=164.930329)#

Hydrogen = ElementData(symbol='H', number=1, mass=1.008)#

Indium = ElementData(symbol='In', number=49, mass=114.818)#

Iodine = ElementData(symbol='I', number=53, mass=126.90447)#

Iridium = ElementData(symbol='Ir', number=77, mass=192.217)#

Iron = ElementData(symbol='Fe', number=26, mass=55.845)#

Krypton = ElementData(symbol='Kr', number=36, mass=83.798)#

Lanthanum = ElementData(symbol='La', number=57, mass=138.90547)#

Lawrencium = ElementData(symbol='Lr', number=103, mass=262.0)#

Lead = ElementData(symbol='Pb', number=82, mass=207.2)#

Lithium = ElementData(symbol='Li', number=3, mass=6.94)#

Livermorium = ElementData(symbol='Lv', number=116, mass=293.0)#

Lutetium = ElementData(symbol='Lu', number=71, mass=174.96669)#

Magnesium = ElementData(symbol='Mg', number=12, mass=24.305)#

Manganese = ElementData(symbol='Mn', number=25, mass=54.938043)#

Meitnerium = ElementData(symbol='Mt', number=109, mass=278.0)#

Mendelevium = ElementData(symbol='Md', number=101, mass=258.0)#

Mercury = ElementData(symbol='Hg', number=80, mass=200.592)#

Molybdenum = ElementData(symbol='Mo', number=42, mass=95.95)#

Moscovium = ElementData(symbol='Mc', number=115, mass=289.0)#

Neodymium = ElementData(symbol='Nd', number=60, mass=144.242)#

Neon = ElementData(symbol='Ne', number=10, mass=20.1797)#

Neptunium = ElementData(symbol='Np', number=93, mass=237.0)#

Nickel = ElementData(symbol='Ni', number=28, mass=58.6934)#

Nihonium = ElementData(symbol='Nh', number=113, mass=286.0)#

Niobium = ElementData(symbol='Nb', number=41, mass=92.90637)#

Nitrogen = ElementData(symbol='N', number=7, mass=14.007)#

Nobelium = ElementData(symbol='No', number=102, mass=259.0)#

Oganesson = ElementData(symbol='Og', number=118, mass=294.0)#

Osmium = ElementData(symbol='Os', number=76, mass=190.23)#

Oxygen = ElementData(symbol='O', number=8, mass=15.999)#

Palladium = ElementData(symbol='Pd', number=46, mass=106.42)#

Phosphorus = ElementData(symbol='P', number=15, mass=30.973761998)#

Platinum = ElementData(symbol='Pt', number=78, mass=195.084)#

Plutonium = ElementData(symbol='Pu', number=94, mass=244.0)#

Polonium = ElementData(symbol='Po', number=84, mass=209.0)#

Potassium = ElementData(symbol='K', number=19, mass=39.0983)#

Praseodymium = ElementData(symbol='Pr', number=59, mass=140.90766)#

Promethium = ElementData(symbol='Pm', number=61, mass=145.0)#

Protactinium = ElementData(symbol='Pa', number=91, mass=231.03588)#

Radium = ElementData(symbol='Ra', number=88, mass=226.0)#

Radon = ElementData(symbol='Rn', number=86, mass=222.0)#

Rhenium = ElementData(symbol='Re', number=75, mass=186.207)#

Rhodium = ElementData(symbol='Rh', number=45, mass=102.90549)#

Roentgenium = ElementData(symbol='Rg', number=111, mass=281.0)#

Rubidium = ElementData(symbol='Rb', number=37, mass=85.4678)#

Ruthenium = ElementData(symbol='Ru', number=44, mass=101.07)#

Rutherfordium = ElementData(symbol='Rf', number=104, mass=267.0)#

Samarium = ElementData(symbol='Sm', number=62, mass=150.36)#

Scandium = ElementData(symbol='Sc', number=21, mass=44.955907)#

Seaborgium = ElementData(symbol='Sg', number=106, mass=269.0)#

Selenium = ElementData(symbol='Se', number=34, mass=78.971)#

Silicon = ElementData(symbol='Si', number=14, mass=28.085)#

Silver = ElementData(symbol='Ag', number=47, mass=107.8682)#

Sodium = ElementData(symbol='Na', number=11, mass=22.98976928)#

Strontium = ElementData(symbol='Sr', number=38, mass=87.62)#

Sulfur = ElementData(symbol='S', number=16, mass=32.06)#

Tantalum = ElementData(symbol='Ta', number=73, mass=180.94788)#

Technetium = ElementData(symbol='Tc', number=43, mass=97.0)#

Tellurium = ElementData(symbol='Te', number=52, mass=127.6)#

Tennessine = ElementData(symbol='Ts', number=117, mass=293.0)#

Terbium = ElementData(symbol='Tb', number=65, mass=158.925354)#

Thallium = ElementData(symbol='Tl', number=81, mass=204.38)#

Thorium = ElementData(symbol='Th', number=90, mass=232.0377)#

Thulium = ElementData(symbol='Tm', number=69, mass=168.934219)#

Tin = ElementData(symbol='Sn', number=50, mass=118.71)#

Titanium = ElementData(symbol='Ti', number=22, mass=47.867)#

Tungsten = ElementData(symbol='W', number=74, mass=183.84)#

Unknown = ElementData(symbol='Xx', number=0, mass=0.0)#

Uranium = ElementData(symbol='U', number=92, mass=238.02891)#

Vanadium = ElementData(symbol='V', number=23, mass=50.9415)#

Xenon = ElementData(symbol='Xe', number=54, mass=131.293)#

Ytterbium = ElementData(symbol='Yb', number=70, mass=173.045)#

Yttrium = ElementData(symbol='Y', number=39, mass=88.905838)#

Zinc = ElementData(symbol='Zn', number=30, mass=65.38)#

Zirconium = ElementData(symbol='Zr', number=40, mass=91.222)#